Posts

Ran Protocol Stack Overview (Part-1)

Image
 Lets have a look on Ran Protocol Stack. NOTE : This Part only give the overview of RAN Protocol Stack and we will go deep in the subsequents parts. We have seen from the above image that there are two types of RAN Protocol Stack: User-Plane Protocol Stack Control-Plane Protocol Stack Each layer which are shown in the diagram uses the information from the below layer and provides services to the above layer. (Both in User Plane and Control Plane Protocol Stack). In User Plane Protocol Stack information is communicate between the User Equipment (UE) and gNB( 5G RAN). RAN-Random Access Network. In Control Plane Protocol Stack information is communicate between the User Equipment and gNB and the Core-network. First Discuss about the layers of User-Plane Protocol Stack   SDAP ( Service Data Adaptation Protocol ) - This layer is responsible for QoS (Quality Of Service) Flow Handling . PDCP ( Packet Data Convergence Protocol ) - This layer is responsible for Header Compression,...

5G NR Frame Structure

Image
 Let's Have a look on 5g NR(New Radio) Frame Structure. Introduction In   5G NR , each frames has a time durations of 10 ms and frame are nothing but one segment of the data which is intend to send from sender(source) to receiver(destination). Now , each frame compromises of 10 subframes , which gives us the duration of each subframe which is about 1 ms. After frame are divided into subframe , now each subframe are divided into slots , whose number is depend on the numerology formula (2^ µ ) and  µ  has a range from zero to four . Lets have a look what does it really mean. As slots number are depend on the 2^ µ  and if we take  µ 's value as zero, we get 2^ µ  as 1, this means here each subframe divided into one  slot . Similarly for  µ's  value as 1, we get 2^ µ  as 2,now each subframe divided into two slots . Same procedure for the rest  µ's  value. Below image give you a diagrammatic overview about what...

OVERVIEW OF KUBERNETES

Image
  A 10 min read will give you the overview of Kubernetes . LETs Start!!. Overview what we study in this whole: What is Kubernetes . Kubernetes  Cluster Architecture.  Different Components of Kubernetes. What is Kubernetes ? Kubernetes is a  tool by which we can orchestrate or manage the containers .Thus , it is a container manager which keep an eye on every things which make to manage containers. It is portable , open source , extensible which is also used for automation. Its is abbreviated as k8s as between " K " and " s " there are eight letters for making it easy to speak . Kubernetes provide you with the following features: Storage orchestration : It provide you to automatically bound to storage system of your choice local storage , public cloud providers , etc. Automatic rollouts and rollbacks : You can describe the desired state of your deployment and its automatically shift the actual state to your desired state at a controlled rate. Self-healing : It scale ...

WHAT IS OPENSTACK ?

Image
  Let's talk about openstack. It takes hardly takes 10 min to know all about it . OPENSTACK Openstack is the way of pooling the virtual software tools which are used for building and managing the public and private cloud. These virtual software tools are commonly called as services which are refer to the components of openstack. It is a cloud computing platform in which resources and virtual servers are made available to the users. It provide three services : Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Platform as a Service (PaaS). Software as a Service (SaaS). Mainly it is deployed as IaaS in public and private cloud.For more,  Reference for openstack. Now Let's talk about its components as it is made up of different components which have their individual work for breaking the whole system in microservices instead of monolithic services . COMPONENTS OF OPENSTACK Keystone  →  Authentication and authorization service ( Identity Service).         ...

All about Docker .

Image
# A 10 min read will make you learn about containerisation. Let start!. Overview what we study in this whole: What is Docker. Docker Components. Docker Architecture.   Docker Hub. Docker Registry. Docker Network. What is Docker ? Docker , it is a tool by which we can make containers of the image that are present on the docker hub. It give the way to the developers to package the applications with all its dependencies and operating system to execute the same in any platform and environment.  By using this open source tool  we as a user , get rid of downloading the applications make it to run on our system by downloading all its dependencies and after doing lot of effort , if the application failed to run and error comes , we waste our time in resolving that error by surfing all around . Thus in this fast technology something should be there to do  all these things with ease and time efficient .So, Docker is use for this purpose . Docker Components Docker client a...

OSI MODEL

Image
 OSI MODEL AND ITS LAYERS OSI stands for Open System Interconnection Model which was developed by ISO which stands International Organization of Standardization in 1984. This model has seven layers which have their individual roles which serve whole as interconnection model. It has layer from the physical layer from bits to the higher level data representation over a  distributed  application.                        OSI model has seven levels which are as follows  :- Application layer. Presentation layer. Session layer. Transport layer. Network layer. Data layer. Physical layer.  Following are the defining of the OSI layer:- 1 . Physical Layer   :- It is the lowest layer of OSI layer .The main work of this layer is to establish the  physical connection of the devices .It transmit the data  in form of bits , from one   node to the next in the 1's and 0's . It send the data...

BRIEF OF VIRTUALISATION

Image
VIRTUALIZATION Virtualization is the way through which you can create many environments by which you can run different operating systems on one platform. It is the layer which is abstracted from the systems that uses System hardware more efficiently . In Virtualization it is seems to us that the virtual machine we are working on our host operating systems , is the dedicated machine. A computer machine has basically three major and huge terms which are more significant are listed  below: Computation. Storage. Network. People uses Virtualization for many purposes. Many people uses it to run application programs which is meant to that operating systems(on which they are not working ) without being reboot from the host operating systems . Virtualization is achieved through Hypervisor which are also of two types , usage of them are depending on the conditions which are listed down below: Types of Hypervisor : Type-1 and Type-2. Type-1 Hypervisor are used in case of your Bare metal(B...